4WD transmission failure diagnostics

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Introduction

General theory

• Most vehicles with part-time 4WD transmission (like the Jimny) have (un)lockable front wheel hub heads / caps, which can (dis)connect the road wheel hub assembly from/to the transmission (the CV joint).
• The hubs heads / caps sit on the ends of the axle - they visibly stick through the hole in the center of the wheel.
• With them unlocked, the wheels are free to rotate on their own, without turning all the bits and pieces in the (front) axle.
• This saves fuel, saves on mechanical wear of the disconnected components and improves performance when the vehicle is in 2WD (RWD) transmission mode, as it is pointless to turn a lot of gears and metal if they are not required.
• However, in 4WD transmission mode, the hub heads lock the wheels to the drive shafts in order to let the engine turn the wheels.
• Jimnys have pneumatic (vacuum) (un)locking front wheel hub heads / caps.

Wheel hub heads / caps are usually just shortened in naming to "hubs", but a "hub" is actually an entire wheel hub assembly - the casing which contains the wheel bearing with its seals, the steering knuckle surround casing, the king pin bearings and (in the case of the Jimny) the pipes and passages which transport the air / vacuum to/from wheel hub heads.

Pneumatic (un)locking wheel hub heads

Advantages

Pneumatic (un)locking hub heads is the most convenient design - it combines the best operational attributes of manual and automatic locking hubs heads, and eliminates the issues of both:

1. Unlike manually operated hub heads, it is not required that the driver exits the vehicle to fiddle with anything when switching between 2WD<->4WD modes;
2. Unlike most automatic hub heads, vacuum operated hub heads can (dis)engage "in situ" - without requiring that the vehicle/wheel makes at least one full wheel turn during the (dis)engagement process. This attribute makes vital difference if 4WD engagement is about to be performed after the vehicle had already got stuck in 2WD.

Disadvantages

However, pneumatically operated wheel hub systems are the most delicate, with the highest risk of failure.

• There are multiple points where an air (vacuum) leak can occur, and it's not just in the conducting pipework.
• In most pneumatic designs (Jimny's included), the air ("vacuum") passes through a significant part of the wheel hub assembly (which consists of the wheel bearing and various shims, bushings, seals, spindles, washers, circlips, gaskets, nuts, bolts, pins, casings, bowels, nerves, bones, skins, veins, arteries, capillaries, nails, hairs .....).
• Even a slight wear out or improper seating of some of those components (example: wheel bearing or wheel bearing seals) can cause an air leak, rendering the pneumatic system impotent.
• The system also consists of some valves and switches in the engine bay (which control when and in which direction the air ("vacuum") goes). They can also be a point of failure.
• Last but not least, there are some computers and electronics, which run the system.
• Another vehicle which uses pneumatically operated (un)lockable wheel hub heads is SSangYong Musso, and it is notorious because of the issues with its pneumatic hub system.

General issues and solutions

• Most Jimnys (especially those which are regularly used in all-terrain duty) will, inevitably, have problems with the vacuum system for front wheel hub heads.
• Diagnosis and repair, depending on the issue, can range from a quick detection and a simple/cheap fix, to a thorough investigation with expensive repairs.
• The purpose of this article is to explain how Jimny's vacuum system works, and to assist you in the diagnosis of its faults.

• Eventually, you may consider changing the hub heads to manual ones (like in Samurais and other classic 4WD vehicles).
• This will eliminate the entire vacuum system, and with it all the risks and issues which it imposes.
• That procedure is explained in a dedicated wiki article "Manual front wheel hub heads".

Operating principle of Jimny's pneumatic hub system

The construction of hub heads

File:Locking Hubs.png

Overview of locking hubs

• The hub heads fitted to the Jimny are “sliding collar” designs.
• The collar is pulled onto the drive shaft or pushed off from the drive shaft (depending on the need) by the vacuum from the engine.
• This highly simplified picture shows the theory.
• The sliding collar on the picture in in the locked position, as it is slid on the drive shaft, so the drive shaft and the wheel are in a solid connection.
• When the collar moves to the left, it is out and is not engaged on the drive shaft splines.

As stated, the diagram is highly simplified and there are a few key points to remember:

1. The vacuum makes the collar slide in the desired direction (depending on through which route the vacuum came), but then is NOT required in order to hold the collar in position.
2. Once the collar has slid in either direction, it will stay there through the use of magnets and friction.
3. The vacuum is used to make it slide both to lock and unlock by changing the route of the vacuum (valves and switches control the route) - removing the vacuum tube from a locked hub head will not unlock it.

How the system works

This guide was written based on a RHD (right hand drive) petrol Jimny configuration.
The situation in LHD petrol Jimnys might differ in the positioning of some elements.

The vacuum system in diesel (DDiS) Jimnys differs significantly in some aspects.
Read the wiki article "Diesel (DDiS) Jimny specifics‎‎" for more information.

• Underneath the car, on the side of the transfer box, is a small switch operated by a ball bearing inside the transfer box.
• A 12 volt output from 4WD controller is fed along the blue/black striped wire.
• The 4WD switch shorts this 12 Volts to earth and tells the car that you want to select 4WD, so it needs to operate the hub heads.

Handy "Get You Going" Tip:

• If your diagnosis is that the switch has failed, then you can short the blue/black striped wire to the car chassis/body.
• Pull the connector under the car apart and short the pins together with a bit of wire.
• If the switch is working properly, it will now short out the 12 volts and the 4WD controller now has been told to operate the hubs.

File:Hubs1.png

Location of the vacuum system

• Under the bonnet are two solenoids that Suzuki call VSV1 and VSV2.
• The picture shows where the vacuum system is, it’s on the driver’s side at the rear of the engine compartment, under the battery mount (UK cars).

File:Hubs2.png

Vacuum check valve

• The vacuum for the system is taken from the intake manifold.
• If first goes through a check valve, whose purpose is to isolate the faults in the vacuum hub system from affecting the engine intake.
• The picture shows the valve and its pipe from the manifold.

File:Hubs3.png

Valve block

• The vacuum is next fed from the check valve down to the solenoid block containing VSV1 and VSV2 valves.
• In the picture, the green arrow shows the check valve (see previous picture), the yellow arrow points to the valve block (with pipes marked 1 and 2 exiting one end) and the red arrow points to the pipe leading to the vacuum tank.

File:Hubs4.png

Vacuum Tank

• The vacuum tank is located under the front wing and stores the vacuum, so that the hub heads can be operated without the engine running.

So back to how it operates:

File:Hubs5.png

Vacuum tubes

• Having got the signal, the 4WD controller sends a signal to VSV2, its the top valve in the valve block with the pipe marked “2” coming out of it (note: yours will not have the handy labels I have added to mine!).
• The second solenoid (VSV2) is the solenoid that locks the hubs.
• The controller sends a pulse of 12 volts for 5 seconds only, opening the valve for 5 seconds.
• This "sends the vacuum" down the “lock” tubes to the hubs.

• It is handy to note that the “lock” tube is the one marked “2” in this picture.
• The 4WD controller leaves nothing to chance, and there is another switch in the circuit, the vacuum monitoring switch.
• This is connected in the vacuum pipe work and operates when it detects the correct level of vacuum.
• Therefore, after commanding VSV2 to open, the controller monitors this switch, which is normally shorting the grey lead to earth checking for it to open (ie. no longer short out the grey wire).

File:Hubs6.png

Air filter

• If the vacuum detection switch does not detect enough vacuum, then the controller flashes the 4WD light on the dashboard.
• The vacuum monitoring switch has a small “air filter” on the side (shown with the yellow arrow below).
• This filter can get clogged with dirt and can stop the system from working – it simply pulls off and washes clean!

• Assuming everything is working correctly, the vacuum is transferred down the “lock” tubes and both hub head sliders slip nicely into the lock position.
• After 5 seconds of vacuum application, VSV2 is released, removing the vacuum from the “lock” tubes.
• The vacuum is “released” through a small plastic filter located on the side of the solenoid block (see above).

File:Hubs7.png

Lock tube (with brake caliper removed

• Down at the wheel hub assemblies, the lock and unlock tubes come either along the trailing (radius) arms (early models) or along the axle (later models).
• The “lock” tube enters the top of the hub assembly, hidden under the brake caliper. The "unlock" tube enters the side of the hub assembly.

File:Hubs8.png

Both lock and unlock tubes (black braided tubes) - the unlock tube is the lower tube that comes down to the front of the hub.

File:Hubs5.png

Vacuum tubes again

• To some extent the unlock process is the reverse process.
• Once the 4WD signal from the transfer box has disappeared, the 4WD controller sends a signal to VSV1.
• It's the lower valve in the valve block with the pipe marked “1” coming out of it.
• The controller sends a pulse of 12 volts for 10 seconds only, opening the valve for 10 seconds.
• This sends the vacuum down the “unlock” tubes to the hub heads.

• It is handy to note that the “unlock” tube is the one marked “1” in the picture.

• That is the operation of the system "in a nutshell".
• In simple terms, a valve bank sends the vacuum down one pipe or the other for a short duration of time, to pull the slider in the hub heads in either direction as required.
• Sadly this process does not always work, so the usual issue is that you need to go through a fault finding process.

Fault finding overview

• The table below shows the typical faults.
• Use the numeric references in the table e.g. "Problem 4" to reference the specific checks in the following chapters.

Fault Finding

Status	Problem #	Problem description
Transfer box is in 2WD. Then 4WD is selected. However, the 4WD light does turn on at all. (or it flashes shortly just once and then it stays off)	1 2 3 4	4WD switch on the transfer box has failed 4WD switch wiring has broken Electric fuse has burned out 4WD controller has failed
Transfer box is in 2WD. Then 4WD is selected. However, the 4WD light flashes and remains flashing. The flashing is caused by the 4WD Controller thinking that the vacuum system has failed.	5 6 7 8	Vacuum pipes blocked Vacuum/air leaks from the system Valve solenoid failure (VSV2) Pressure switch failure
Transfer box is in 2WD. Then 4WD is selected. 4WD light flashes for a few seconds and then turns solid on (this is normal). However, the front hub heads do not seem to be locked	5 9	Vacuum pipes blocked Hub head stuck/clogged or worn
Transfer box is in 4WD. Then 2WD is selected. 4WD light flashes for a few seconds and then turns off (this is normal). However, the front hub heads are still locked and will not unlock.	5 9	Vacuum pipes blocked Hub head stuck/clogged or worn

Checking the system

Problem 0 - Somewhere else

Before progressing through fault finding in the vacuum system, it is worth checking whether the system is really working OK - perhaps the problem is somewhere else!

1. Pull the handbrake on, put the gearbox in neutral, start the engine.
2. Jack up ONE front wheel, make sure all the other wheels are on the ground.
3. Put the transfer box in 4WD, and immediately listen for a (more or less) loud click from that wheel's hub head.
4. Wait for at least 5 seconds (or even 10), and then try to turn that wheel by hand.
5. The wheel should be locked - impossible to turn. If the wheel turns, then it has not locked.
6. If it has locked, then move the transfer box out of 4WD, listen for a (more or less) loud click from that wheel's hub head.
7. Wait for at least 5 seconds (or even 10), and then try to turn that wheel by hand.
8. If the wheel turns, then it has unlocked properly.
9. Repeat this entire procedure for other front wheel.

• The above test gives you a good idea what is and what isn’t working in the system.
• If all this works with both front wheels, your vacuum system is probably working fine.

Problem X - Sporadical issues

• Beware that sometimes minor air leaks, mechanical "quirks" or electrical "quirks" might exist in the vacuum system, which exhibit only in certain conditions (load, temperature, humidity, vibrations, angle, etc.).
• This is the worst situation, when a reliable diagnosis is the most difficult to perform.
• That's why pneumatic systems are notorious.
• In this case, (dis)engagement of the front wheel hub heads can work sporadically - sometimes it works fine, sometimes it does not.
• Therefore, the above checking procedure might complete successfully if the "conditions for failure" (temperature, humidity, load, etc.) are not achieved (read: your stars aren't yet aligned).
• If your vacuum system fails only sporadically, then either drive around and wait until it fails in the middle of a trip (and then immediately perform this check while it's still malfunctioning), or just give up and change to manual hub heads.
• The other solution is to sequentially perform all the below mentioned checks, starting from the simplest/cheapest one.

Problem 1 – 4WD switch has failed

• You need to get under the car for this.
• On the back of the transfer box is the 4WD switch.
• It has a blue/black and a black wire going to it, via a plastic plug.
• The plastic plug pulls apart by lifting the small tag with your fingernail.
• Use a piece of wire to short out the connectors on the end of the wire/plug that disappears up into the car.
• If this makes the 4WD system light come on, then the 4WD switch on the transfer is suspect.

Problem 2 – 4WD switch wiring has broken

• You need to get under the car for this.
• On the back of the transfer box is the 4WD switch.
• It has a blue/black and a black wire going to it, via a plastic plug.
• The plastic plug pulls apart by lifting the small tag with your fingernail.
• Use a voltmeter or a 12 volt bulb mounted on some wire.
• Measure between the blue/black wire and ground.
• If the voltmeter doesn’t show 12 V, then a wire is broken or the 4WD controller has failed.

Problem 3 – Electric fuse has burned out

• The fuse is located in the fuse box under the driver's side of the dashboard.
• The fuse box changes on different versions of the car, your situation might be specific.

File:Hubs10.png

Type 1/2 Fusebox – 4WD is FUSE 21

File:Hubs11.png

Type 3 Fusebox – 4WD is FUSE 38

Problem 4 – 4WD controller has failed

• The controller is hidden right up under the dashboard on the top right hand side.
• You have to pull the fuse wiring to one side and squint up inside the dash.
• Basically if this is the point of failure, you should probably consider fitting manual hubs, due to the 4WD controller replacement cost.

• However, if you have checked the fuses and they are OK, and you have a voltmeter, then it may be worth measuring some voltage around the controller.
• If you can prise the connector (E74) from the controller and have a voltmeter, you should be able to read the following voltages (with the ignition ON).
• Only do this with the connector disconnected!

1. 12 volts (from solenoid – VSV1 – If you short this to earth the solenoid will operate)
2. 12 volts (from solenoid – VSV2 – If you short this to earth the solenoid will operate)
3. 12 volts (from dash bulb – If you short this to earth the dash bulb will come on)
4. Air conditioning?
5. 0 volts (earth)
6. Vacuum switch – Open circuit or earth depending on Vacuum switch
7. 4WD switch – Open circuit or earth depending on 4WD switch
8. Air conditioning??
9. Tachometer??
10. 12 volts (from fuse)

Problem 5 - Vacuum pipes blocked

• See solutions for the next problem.

Problem 6 - Vacuum/air leaks from the system

• There is no short way around these problems, you need to inspect the system closely and thoroughly.
• First take a look at the pipework around the solenoids, it is quite common for the plastic connectors/tee pieces to fracture at the joints.
• Check the entire pipework for split hoses or cracked hoses.
• Perhaps a hose is pulled off of the wheel hub assembly behind the wheels.
• The grease seal on the wheel bearing can wear out, allowing ingress of mud, water, dirt etc (and also consequently an air/vacuum leak), all of which prevent the vacuum being applied to the hub head collar.
• There are other elements in the wheel hub assembly which might cause an air blockage or air leak if they are worn or greased/installed/seated improperly (for example: wheel bearing locking nut), so thorough checking and care when working with all those parts is required.

Problem 7 – A solenoid has failed

• The solenoids have power applied when the ignition is ON.
• Pull the grey wire off each solenoid and short the pin on the solenoid to the ground.
• The solenoid should work and you should be able to feel vacuum if you pull of the vacuum tube and put your finger over the pipe connector on the solenoid.

Problem 8 – Pressure switch failure

• First of all – check if the little foam filter on the end of the pressure switch is clean.
• The vacuum switch should be “open circuit” when nothing is happening and goes to “short circuit” when the pressure is correct, BUT remember that the system only pulses the vacuum for 10 seconds!
• If you have the system powered up and functioning correctly with all connectors in place, then the “short circuit” will appear as a 0 volt pulse for about 10 seconds otherwise 12 volts will be across the switch.

Problem 9 - Hub head clogged or worn

• It is fairly simple to demount a hub head from the wheel hub assembly and check if it is clogged or worn.
• Just make sure that you mark the exact position in which the hub head was mounted and to mount it in the same position later.
• This principle minimizes the chances of improper seating, therefore minimizing the chances of air leaks.

• If the inside of the hub head is filled with grit or dirty grease (or if it has an excessive amount of grease), its operation can be hindered. Clean it and regrease it.
• Do NOT over grease the inside of the hub head!
• Excessive amount of grease can hinder the operation of the sliding collar, or even block the passage of air/vacuum.

• If the teeth on the sliding collar or on the main hub head casing are excessively worn, then you might need a replacement hub head.
• They should be obtainable from vehicle junkyards (or from other Jimny owners who switched over to manual hub heads) for a reasonable price.

Emergency guidelines in case of a sudden failure

• Some owners preventively replace the vacuum operated hub heads with manually operated hub heads, to eliminate the risk of a sudden failure if they happen to be in a remote area where 4WD traction is essential.

• If the vacuum system happens to fail suddenly, and you can't engage 4WD(-H) transmission mode, there is a simple trick to fool the 4WD controller into thinking that the vacuum system is working.
• The goal is to at least get into "2WD-L" mode, which can be a life saver compared to ordinary 2WD-H mode.
• If you fool the 4WD controller when entering 4WD(-H) mode, it will engage both the front and the rear driveline, but the front wheels will of course receive no torque.
• However, once the controller is fooled and enters 4WD(-H) mode, it will then be possible to enter 4WD-L mode without the 4WD controller performing any further checks if the vacuum system is working (until the vehicle is restarted).
• This 4WD-L mode will essentially be 2WD-L mode, but that's better than nothing!

• To fool the controller, you first need to disconnect the pipe from the vacuum monitoring switch in the engine bay, and then block that pipe connector on the switch.
• You can even use your finger to temporarily block it, as it only needs to be blocked while the controller is performing the 2WD<->4WD (dis)engagement procedure.
• This way, when the switch starts to suck, the vacuum will be instantly created in it (as the air passage is blocked), and then the switch will inform the 4WD controller that proper vacuum is achieved.
• This fooling procedure with a finger is best done with one person holding the finger on the switch while the other person operates the 4WD controls, but even a single person can do this if he is very quick.

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Page last edited on 7/09/2017 by user Bosanek